PAM-2500

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Product

High-performance Field and Laboratory Chlorophyll Fluorometer

The Fastest Portable PAM Fluorometer

The PAM-2500 is a high-performance portable chlorophyll fluorometer that combines saturation pulse analysis with fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in a single, compact instrument. Continuing the line of portable PAM fluorometers that started in the 1990s with the well-known PAM-2000/2100, the PAM-2500 has been completely newly developed using state-of-the-art technology. With a time resolution of 10 µs, it is the fastest portable PAM fluorometer available - capable of resolving the complete polyphasic fluorescence rise (OJIP) that occurs within the first second after onset of illumination.

This dual capability makes the PAM-2500 uniquely versatile: from standard FV/FM measurements and light response curves to detailed analysis of electron transport steps via OJIP fluorescence kinetics all in one field-portable device.

 

What is OJIP?

When a dark-adapted leaf is exposed to a strong light pulse, chlorophyll fluorescence rises from a minimum (Fo) to a maximum (Fm) within approximately one second. This rise is not smooth — it follows a characteristic pattern with distinct steps known as O, J, I, and P (also denoted Fo, I1, I2, and Fm):

O (F0) — the initial fluorescence level, all PSII reaction centers open
J (I1) — first inflection at ~2 ms, related to the reduction of the primary electron acceptor QA
I (I2) — second inflection at ~30 ms, related to the filling of the plastoquinone pool
P (Fm) — the peak, all PSII reaction centers closed


Each step reflects a specific stage in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. The shape and timing of the OJIP curve provide detailed information about the functional state of photosystem II, the electron transport capacity, and the overall vitality of the photosynthetic apparatus - going well beyond what a simple FV/FM measurement alone can reveal.

Powerful Optics in a Compact Housing

All optical and electronic components fit in a housing of just 23 × 10.5 × 10.5 cm. High-performance power LEDs deliver actinic light up to 4,000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and single-turnover flashes up to 125,000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ enabling quasi-rectangular light pulses essential for accurate fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics. A strong far-red LED allows specific PSI excitation for F0' determination.

Leaves, Suspensions, and Everything in Between

The PAM-2500 adapts to different sample types via a flexible fiberoptics system that guides modulated measuring light and actinic light to the sample, and collects the chlorophyll fluorescence. For leaf measurements, the 2030-B leaf clip provides simultaneous PAR and temperature sensing, permitting derivation of relative electron transport rates (ETR) from ambient PAR and PSII photochemical yield Y(II). For algae and cyanobacteria suspensions, the KS-2500 cuvette with magnetic stirrer and optional temperature control enables precise laboratory measurements. Blue actinic light up to 800 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ is available for samples where blue excitation is preferred.

Software and Connectivity

The PamWin-4 software runs on Windows PCs or the ultra-mobile UMPC-8 tablet, connected via Bluetooth for cable-free field operation. A dedicated outdoor interface - derived from the proven PAM-2000/2100 software - provides streamlined controls for rapid measurements in the field, while the full software offers comprehensive analysis tools for saturation pulse analysis, light curves, induction curves, and OJIP fluorescence recordings.

What Sets the PAM-2500 Apart

Fastest Portable PAM Fluorometer: 10 µs time resolution for OJIP fast kinetics and saturation pulse analysis in one device.

From Leaves to Suspensions: Flexible fiberoptics system with leaf clips for field measurements and cuvette for algae and cyanobacteria in the lab.

Red, Blue, and Far-Red Light: Three independent LED sources for actinic illumination, single-turnover flashes up to 125,000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and specific PSI excitation.

Combined OJIP and PAM Analysis: Full saturation pulse quenching analysis plus polyphasic fluorescence rise kinetics - both methods, one instrument.
 

Light Saturation Curves of the Apparent Electron Transport Rate

A major application of PAM-2500 fluorometers in ecophysiology is the fast and reliable analysis of the photosynthetic performance of plants.

Two important parameters for characterizing photosynthesis are the maximum quantum yield for whole chain electron transport (“alpha”, at low light intensities) and the maximum electron transport capacity (“ETRmax”, at light saturation).

To evaluate the alpha and ETRmax, apparent electron transport rates (ETR) are derived from effective quantum yields of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm' or Y(II)) according to ETR = Y(II) x PAR x 0.42.

In this equation, the PAR corresponds to the quantum flux density of photosynthetically active radiation, and the 0.42 is the product of light absorptance by an average green leaf (0.84) times the fraction of absorbed quanta available for photosystem II (0.5).

The light response experiment consisted of 6 exposure intervals of 3 minutes. At the end of each step, the photosystem II efficiency, Y(II), and light intensity, PAR, were recorded. The relative electron transport rate (ETR, plotted on Y axis versus PAR) was derived from Y(II) and PAR. Fitting a theoretical function to the data points by the PamWin-3 software (black line) yields estimates for alpha (initial slope), ETRmax (maximum ETR), and Ik (PAR above which light saturation of photosynthesis starts). 

Polyphasic Fluorescence Rise Upon Onset of Saturating Light

The fast acquisition mode of the PAM-2500 enables recording of rapid fluorescence kinetics with 10 µs time resolution. This high time resolution is achieved with pulse modulated signals.

This means that the fast kinetics of fluorescence yield is measured and, consequently, that signal amplitudes from different experiments can be directly compared irrespective of light intensity and sample geometry.

The same saturating light that serves for saturation pulses can also be used for measuring the polyphasic fluorescence rise kinetics. This type of kinetics provides valuable information on the properties of PS II and the state of its primary and secondary acceptor pools.

With a dark-acclimated sample, four characteristic levels of fluorescence yield can be distinguished in a plot with logarithmic time scale: Fo, I1, I2 and Fm (alternatively also denoted O, J, I and P).

The F0-I1 (or O-J) phase of the transient directly reflects the closure of PS II reaction centers by charge separation (QA-reduction). The initial rate of increase of this phase is proportional to the applied light intensity (photochemical phase). At a given light intensity, the initial rate provides a relative measure of the optical absorption cross-section of PS II. The I1-I2-FM (or J-I-P) phases of the transient reflect the reduction of the rest of the electron transport chain defined mainly by the reduction of the plastoquinone pool and the acceptor side of PS I; the rate of which is limited by dark reactions (thermal phase). Clear-cut separation of photochemical and thermal phases (pronounced I1 plateau) is favored by the very high light intensities provided by the PAM-2500 (up to 25,000 μmol m-2 s-1). For reproducible results, defined reduction-oxidation states are essential which can be obtained (in algae) by low intensity far-red background light.

Scientific Publications using Walz Devices

Source: Google Scholar.
Keywords: (Walz OR Waltz) Effeltrich.
Date: June 22, 2026.

Ʃ = 19642

Per Year

Source: Google Scholar.
Keywords: (Walz OR Waltz) Effeltrich.
Date: June 22, 2026.

Ʃ = 19642

Year

Selected Publications

Influence of soil amendment application on growth and yield of Hedysarum scoparium Fisch. et Mey and Avena sativa L. under saline conditions in dry-land regions

Azeem A, Mai W, Gul B, Rasheed A

Plants 14: 855

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Selenium-coated chitosan nanoparticles (CTS-Se NPs) improve grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana) performance grown under lead (Pb) toxicity

Panahirad S, Dadpour M, Kulak M, Vita F, Gohan G, Fotopoulos V

BMC Plant Biology 25: 1178

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Silver nanoparticles priming for drought tolerance in wheat: insights from antioxidant system activation and stress memory

Ding S, Zheng L, Tao T, Li Q, Cai J, Zhou Q, Zhong Y, Wang X, Jiang D

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 12: 57

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Rapid response of photosynthetic apparatus of Triticum aestivum L. and Beta vulgaris L. to He-Ne laser irradiation

Rudikovskii A, Dudareva L, Rudikovskaya E

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 44: 2803-2822

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Ex situ thermal precoditioning modulates coral physiology and enhances heat tolerance: multispecies perspective for active restoration

Ferrara EF, Roik A, Wöhrmann-Zipf F, Ziegler M

Environmental Science & Technology 59: 8527-8540

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Optimizing row spacing and seeding rate for yield and quality of alfalfa in saline-alkali soils

Shi J, Xie N, Zhang L, Pan X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Zhi J, Qin W, Feng W, Sun G, Yu H

Agronomy 5: 1828

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Tribonema cf. minus cultivation in thin-layer raceway pond to uncover its biotechnological potential

Lakatos GE, Štěrbová K, Bárcenas-Pérez D, Grivalský T, Manoel JC, Mylenko M, Cheel J, Niyári J, Kovács K, Kopecký J, Elster J, Masojídek J

Journal of Applied Phycology 37: 2231-2244

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Cerium oxide nanoparticles alleviate drought stress in apple seedlings by regulating ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense, gene expression, and phytohormone balance

Soleymani S, Piri S, Aazami MA, Salehi B

Scientific Reports 15: 11805

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Nitrogen application and mowings improve chromium phytoextraction efficiency of Leersia hexandra Swartz

Lin M, Jiang X, Chen S, Xiao C, Liu J

Environmental Sciences Europe 37: 63

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Heterogeneity of photosynthetic light acclimation within single leaves of Fagus sylvatica

Thomann G, Bilger W

Trees 39: 104 [MAXI]

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Extracellular polymeric substances protect Chlorella sp. against the cadmium stress

Liu F, Han X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Ge H

Ecologies 6: 65

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Increasing microplastic concentrations have nonlinear impacts on the physiology of reef-builiding corals

Tirpitz V, Hutter M, Hutter H, Prume J, Koch M, Wilke T, Reichert J

Science of the Total Environment 960: 178318

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Selecting habitats to reintroduce the endangered species Ardisia gigantifolia (Primulaceae) based on growth and physiological traits

Liu R, Xie D, Li M, Ping Y, Li D, Dong S, Yu Y, Zhang J, Ning Z

Global Ecology and Conservation 57: e03388

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The impact of epiphytic algae on the foliar traits of Potamogeton perfoliatus

Tóth VR

Frontiers in Plant Science 16: 1561709

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Heterotrophic feeding modulates the effects of microplastic on corals, but not when combined with heat stress

López MA, Tirpitz V, Do M-S, Czermak M, Ferrier-Pagés C, Reichert J, Ziegler M

Science of the Total Environment 972: 170026

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Photosynthetic traits of Phragmites australis along an exological gradient and developmental stages

Tóth VR

Frontiers in Plant Science 15: 1476142

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Hyperspectral imaging reveals differential carotenoid and chlorophyll temporal dynamics and spatial patterns in Scots pine under water stress

Miettinen I, Zhang C, Alonso L, Fernández-Marin, García-Plazaola JI, Grebe S, Porcar-Castell, Atherton J

Plant, Cell & Environment 48: 1535-1554

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Rhizophagus irregularis regulates RiCPSI and RiCARI expression to influence plant drought tolerance

Wang Z, Zhang S, Liang J, Chen H, Jiang Z, Hu W, Tang M

Plant Physiology 197: kiae645

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Possible effects of pesticide washout on microalgae growth

Nadudvari A, Schagerl M, Ancheta SM

Water 17: 2716

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Across-rotation genetic analysis and multitrait selection in a cloned cross of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. terticornis

Xu J, Zhou M, Weng Q, Li M, Gan S

Frontiers in Plant Science 16: 1553819

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Subtropical lichens from the Afromontane can display rapid photosynthetic acclimation to simulated climate change

Ndhlovu NT, Khuzwayo TN, Minibayeva FV, Beckett RP

Photosynthetica 63: 64-72

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The long noncoding RNA LAL contributes to salinity tolerance by modulating LHCB1s’ expression in Medicago trunculata.

Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang F, Wang Z-Y, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C

Communications Biology 7: 289

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Psb28 protein is indispensable for stable accumulation of PS II core complexes in Arabidopsis.

Zhao Y, Deng L, Last R, Liu J

The Plant Journal 119: 1226-1238

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Exogenous calcium-alleviating effect on sodium salt-induced phytotoxicity associated with changes in photosynthetic characteristics of wheat seedlings.

Zhang Y, Liu GM, Wang ZF, Zhang AM, Yang YL

Photosynthetica 62: 16-26

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Contrasting heat tolerance of evergreen and deciduous urban woody species during heat waves.

Zhang H, Ning Q, Li Q, Jin Y, Cao Y, Patience Bakpa E, Zhao H, Song J, Ye P, Wen Y, Song L, Liu H

Functional Ecology 38: 1649-1660

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Application of AMF alleviates growth and physiological characteristics of Impatiens walleriana under sub-low temperature.

Ye D, Zhou X, Liu X, Wang W, Bian J, He Z

Horticulturae 10: 856

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Analysis of photosynthetic characteristics and screening high light-efficiency germplasm in sugarcane.

Wei Y, Xu Y, Khan A, Jiang C, Li H, Wu Y, Zhang C, Wang M, Chen J, Zeng L, Zhang M

Plants 13: 587

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Transcriptomic profiling reveals the contribution of nitric oxide to maintaining photosynthesis and antioxidant ability in Hylotelephium erythrostictum leaves under salt stress.

Wang J, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Leng P, Hu Z

Plant Stress 12: 100471

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Effects of nitrogen addition and Bothriochloa ischaemum and Lespedeza davurica mixture on plant chlorophyll fluorescence and community production in semi-arid grassland.

Wang F, Shi L, Zhang R, Xu W, Bo Y

Frontiers in Plant Science 15: 1400309

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Tolerance of the Australian halophyte, beaded samphire, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, to Pb and Zn under glasshouse conditions: evaluating metal uptake and partitioning, photosynthetic performance, biomass, and growth.

Voight RAL, MacFarlane GR

Aquatic Toxicology 270: 106887

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Expression pattern of Stlhcb gene family in potato and effects of overexpression of Stcp24 gene on potato photosynthesis.

Tang X, Liu Y, Li S, Pei Y, Wei Q, Zhang L, Shi Y

PLoS One 19: e0305781

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Modulation of morpho-physiological attributes and in situ analysis of secondary metabolites using Raman spectroscopy in response to red and blue exposure in Artemisia annua.

Rai N, Kumari S, Singh S, Saha P, Pandey AK, Pandey-Rai S

Environmental and Experimental Botany 217: 105563

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Using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity to assess drought tolerance of spring wheat.

Osipova SV, Rudikovskii AV, Permyakov AV, Rudikovskaya EG, Pomortsev AV, Muzalevskaya OV, Pshenichnikova TA

Photosynthetica 62: 147-157

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Mechanisms underlying the differential sensitivity to mesotrione in sweet corn.

Lv G, Li X, Wang T, Wu Z, Fang R, Chen J

Agronomy 14: 555

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The extremotolerant desert moss Syntrichia caninervis is a promising pioneer plant for colonizing extraterrestrial environments.

Li X, Bai W, Yang Q, Yin B, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Kuang T, Zhang Y, Zhang D

The Innovation 5: 100657

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Multiple dimensions of functional traits in subtropical montane mosses.

Liu Z, Yi L, Zhou X, Xiong Y, Liu J, Qiu H, Liu W

Forests 15: 587

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Antarctic benthic diatoms after 10 months of dark exposure: consequences for photosynthesis and cellular integrity.

Handy J, Juchem D, Wang Q, Schimani K, Skibbe O, Zimmerman J, Karsten U, Herburger K

Frontiers in Plant Science 15: 1326375

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Improvement of physiological features and essential oil content of Thymus vulgaris after soil amendment with chitosan nanoparticles under chromium toxicity.

Haghaninia M, Rasouli F, Javanmard A, Mahdavinia G, Azizi S, Nicoletti R, Murariu OC, Tallarita AV, Caruso G

Horticulturae 10: 659

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A mesophilic relative of common glacier algae, Ancylonema palustre sp. nov., provides insights into the induction of vacuolar pigments in zygnematophytes.

Busch A, Slominski E, Remias D, Procházková L, Hess S

Environmental Microbiology 26: e16680

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Plant responses to co-occurring heat and water deficit: a comparative study of tolerance mechanisms in old and modern wheat genotypes.

Akula NN, Abdelhakim L, Knazovický M, Ottosen C-O

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 210: 108595

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Impact of dehydration on the physicochemical properties of Nostoc calcicola BOT1 and its untargeted metabolic profiling through UHPLC-HRMS.

Yadav P, Singh RP, Alodaini HA, Hatamleh AA, Santoyo G, Kumar A, Gupta RK

Frontiers in Plant Science 14: 1147390

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Exploring the sensitivity of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at different wavelengths in response to drought.

Xu S, Liu Z, Han S, Chen Z, He X, Zhao H, Ren S

Remote Sensing 15: 1077

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Blue light enhances cadmium tolerance of the aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton crispus.

Wang S, Wang L, Zhang M, Li W, Xie Z, Huang W

Plants 12: 2667

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Limited trait responses of a tropical seagrass to the combination of increasing pCO2 and warming.

Viana IG, Artika SR, Moreira-Saporiti A, Teichberg M

Journal of Experimental Botany 74: 472-488

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The first cultivation of the glacier ice alga Ancylonema alaskanum (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta): differences in morphology and photophysiology of field vs laboratory strain cells.

Remias D, Procházková L

Journal of Glaciology 69: 1080-1084

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Different responses to water deficit of two common winter wheat varieties: physiological and biochemical characteristics.

Popova AV, Mihailova G, Geneva M, Peeva V, Kirova E, Sichanova M, Dobrikova A, Georgieva K

Plants 12: 2239

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Lichen substances are more important for photoprotection in sun than shade collections of lichens from the same species.

Ndhlovu NT, Minibayeva F, Smith FR, Beckett RP

The Bryologist 126: 180-190

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Acquistion of freezing tolerance of resurrection species from Gerneriaceae, a comparative study.

Mihailova G, Gashi B, Krastev N, Georgieva K

Plants 12: 1893

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Sulfate supplementation affects nutrient and photosynthetic status of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum differently under prolonged exposure to cadmium.

Lyčka M, Barták M, Helia O, Kopriva S, Moravcová D, Hájek J, Fojt L, Čmelik R, Fajkus J, Fojtová M

Journal of Hazardous Materials 445: 1300527

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Combining chlorophyll fluorescence and vegetation reflectance indices to estimate non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of rice at the leaf scale.

Jiang H, Liu Z, Wang J, Yang P, Zhang R, Zhang X, Zheng P

Remote Sensing 15: 4222

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Terrestrial Trentepohlia sp. (Ulvophyceae) from alpine and coastal collection sites show strong desiccation tolerance and broad light and temperature adaptation.

Holzinger A, Plag N, Karsten U, Glaser K

Protoplasma 260: 1539-1553

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Brassinosteroids regulate the water deficit and latex yield of rubber trees.

Guo B, Liu M, Yang H, Dai L, Wang L

International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24: 12857

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Salt-induced modulation of ion transport and PS II photoprotection determine the salinity tolerance of amphidiploid brassicas.

Farooq N, Khan MO, Ahmed MZ, Fatima S, Nawaz MA, Abideen Z, Nielsen BL, Ahmad N

Plants 12: 2590

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Anatomical and physiological responses of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae) induced by silicon and sodium chloride stress during in vitro culture.

Cipriano R, Rodrigues Martins JP, Toscano Conde L, Mattos da Silva M, Moura Silva D, Passos Lima Gontijo AB, Falqueto AR

Peer Journal 11: e14624

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Metabolome of cadmium stressed Gracilaria caudata (Rhodophyta).

Araujo-Motta L, Alves-Lima C, Zambotti-Vilella L, Colepicolo P

Phycology 3: 255-269

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Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside alleviates nickel toxicity in maize by regulating antioxidant activities and defense-related gene expression.

Abbas S, Basit F, Tanwir K, Zhu X, Hu J, Guan Y, Hu W, Sheteiwy MS, Yang H, El-Keblawy A, El-Tarabily KA, Abu Qamar SF, Lou J

Physiologia Plantarum 175: e13985

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Genetic manipulation of bermudagrass photosynthetic biosynthesis using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.

Xu X, Liu W, Liu X, Cao Y, Li X, Wang G, Fu C, Fu J

Physiologia Plantarum 174: e13710

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Improving tea quality by balancing ROS and antioxidant system through appropriate ammonium nitrogen application.

Xiang F, Zhou L, Liu H, Li W

Sustainability 14: 9354

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Photosynthetic, respirational, and growth responses of six benthic diatoms from the Antarctic peninsula as functions of salinity and temperature variations.

Prelle LR, Schmidt I, Schimani K, Zimmermann J, Abarca N, Skibbe O, Juchem D, Karsten U

Genes 13: 1264

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Photophysiological investigations of the temperature stress responses of Zygnema spp (Zygnematophyceae) from subpolar and polar habitats (Iceland, Svalbard).

Permann C, Pierangelini M, Remias D, Lewis LA, Holzinger A

Phycologia 61: 299-311

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Limiting steps and the contribution of alternative electron flow pathways in the recovery of the photosynthetic functions after freezing-induced desiccation of Haberlea rhodopensis.

Georgieva K, Popova AV, Mihailova G, Ivanov AG, Velitchkova M

Photosynthetica 60: 136-146

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Using the diurnal variation characteristics of effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry for drought stress detection in maize.

Chen Z, Liu Z, Han S, Jiang H, Xu S, Zhao H, Ren S

Ecological Indicators 138: 108842

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Metabolite profiling in green microalgae with varying degrees of desiccation tolerance.

Aigner S, Arc E, Schletter M, Karsten U, Holzinger A, Kranner I

Microorganisms 10: 946

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Order-of-magnitude enhancement in photocurrent generation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by outer membrane deprivation.

Kusama S, Kojima S, Kimura K, Shimakawa G, Miyake C, Tanaka K, Okumura Y, Nakanishi S

Nature Communications 13: 3067

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Mixed population hypothesis of the active and inactive PS II complexes opens a new door for photoinhibition and fluorescence studies: an ecophysiological perspective.

Kono M, Kazunori M, Matsuzawa S, Noguchi T, Oguchi R, Suzuki Y, Terashima I

Functional Plant Biology 49, 917-925

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Functional study of BpPP2C1 revealed its role in salt stress in Betula platyphylla.

Xing B, Gu C, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Yu Q, Jiang J, Liu G

Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 617635

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FaHSP17.8-CII orchestrates lead tolerance and accumulation in shoots via enhancing antioxidant enzymatic response and PS II activity in tall fescue.

Wang T, Amee M, Wang G, Xie Y, Hu T, Xu H

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 223: 112568

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The ecophysiological performance and traits of genera within the Stichococcus-like clade (Trebouxiophyceae) under matric and osmotic stress.

Van AT, Sommer V, Glaser K

Microorganisms 9: 1816

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Unicellular versus filamentous: the glacial alga Ancylonema alaskana comb. et stat. nov. and its ecophysiological relatedness to Ancylonema nordenskioeldii (Zygnematophycae, Streptophyta).

Procházková L, Řezanka T, Nedbalova L, Remias D

Microorganisms 9: 1103

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Ecophysiological, morphological, and biochemical traits of free-living Diplosphaera chodatii (Trebouxiophycaea) reveal adaptation to harsh environmental conditions.

Medwed C, Holzinger A, Hofer S, Hartmann A, Michalik D, Glaser K, Karsten U

Protoplasma 258: 187-1199

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Exogenously spermidine alleviates damage from drought stress in the photosystem II of tall fescue.

Liu Y, Hao C, Wang G, Li Q, Shao A

Plant, Soil and Environment 67: 558-566

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Does co-inoculation of mycorrhiza and Piriformospora indica fungi enhance the efficiency of chlorophyll fluorescence and essential oil composition in peppermint under irrigation with saline water from the Caspian Sea?

Khalvandi M, Amerian M, Pirdashti H, Keramati S

PLoS ONE 16: e0254076

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Specific features of technogenic pollutants impact on photosynthetic activity of unicellular cyanobacteria.

Grigoryeva NY, Zaytseva TB

Aquatic Toxicology 14: 94-103

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Piriformospora indica augments arsenic tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) by immobolizing arsenic in roots and improving iron translocation to shoots.

Ghorbani A, Tafteh M, Roudbari N, Pishkar L, Zhang W

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 209: 111793

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Photosynthetic performance of rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) grown under different regimes of light intensity, quality, and photoperiod.

Elmardy NA, Yousef AF, Lin K, Zhang X, Ali MM, Lamlom SF, Kalaji HM, Kowalczyk K, Xu Y

PLoS ONE 16: e0257745

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Terrestrial green algae show higher tolerance to dehydration than do their aquatic sister-species.

Terlova E, Holzinger A, Lewis L

Physiology and Biotechnology 82: 770-782

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Plant functional traits predict the drought response of native California plant species.

Pezner AK, Pivovaroff AL, Sun W, Sharifi MR, Rundel PW, Seibt U

International Journal of Plant Sciences 181: 256-265

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Spectral quality of monochromatic LED affects photosynthetic acclimation to high-intensity sunlight of Chrysanthemum and Spathiphyllum.

Zheng L, Steppe K, van Labeke M-C

Physologia Plantarum 169: 10-26

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Glycolytic shunts replenish the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle as anaplerotic reactions in cyanobacteria.

Makowka A, Nichelmann L, Schulze D, Spengler K, Wittmann C, Forchhammer K, Gutekunst K

Molecular Plant 13: 471-482

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Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and short-term photosynthetic response to drought.

Helm LT, Shi H, Lerdau MT, Yang X

Ecological Applications 30: e02101

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Role of Ca2+ as protectant under heat stress by regulation of photosynthesis and membrane saturation in Anabaena PCC 7120.

Tiwari A, Singh P, Khadim SR, Singh AK, Singh U, Singh P, Asthana RK

Protoplasma 256: 681-691

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A strategy for boosting astaxanthin accumulation in green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis by using combined diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate and high light.

Ding W, Peng J, Zhao Y, Xu J-W, Li T, Yu X

Journal of Applied Phycology 31: 171-181

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Role of Ca2+ as protectant under heat stress by regulation of photosynthesis and membrane saturation in Anabaena PCC 7120.

Tiwari A, Singh P, Khadim SR, Singh AK, Singh U, Singh P, Asthana RK

Protoplasma 256: 681-691

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Light and dehydration but not temperature drive photosynthetic adaptations of basal streptophytes (Hormidiella, Streptosarcina and Streptofilum) living in terrestrial habitats.

Pierangelini M, Glaser K, Mikhailyuk T, Karsten U, Holzinger A

Microbial Ecology 77: 380-393

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Unravelling metabolic mechanisms behind chloroplast desiccation tolerance: chlorophyllous fern spore as a new promising unicellular model.

López-Pozo M, Gasulla F, Garcia Plazaola JI, Fernández-Marin B

Plant Science 281: 251-260

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Nitric oxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced photosynthetesis and antioxidant system of tall fescue seedlings response to low-light stress.

Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu Q, Zong B, Yuan X, Sun H, Wang J, Zang L, Ma Z, Liu H, He S, Chu X, Xu Y

Environmental and Experimental Botany 155: 226-238

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Ecology, cytology and phylogeny of the snow alga Scotiella cryophila K-1 (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyta) from the Austrian Alps.

Remias D, Procházkova L, Holzinger A, Nedbalova L

Phycologia 57: 581-592

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Temperature effects on Zn-responses and Zn-reclamation capacity of two native Brazilian plant species: implications of climate change.

Pedrosa Gomes M, Moreira de Brito JC, Guernica Silva J, Vieira da Silva Cruz F, Monteze Bicalho E, Moreira Duarte Herken D, Souza Garcia Q

Environmental and Experimental Botany 155: 589-599

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Chrysanthemum morphology, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity are differentially modified by light quality.

Zheng L, van Labeke M-C

Journal of Plant Physiology 213: 66-74

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The responses of Scots pine seedlings to waterlogging in a fine-textured till soil.

Repo T, Heiskanen J, Sutinen M-L, Sutinen R, Lehto T

New Forests 48: 51-65

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Drought-responsive gene expression in sun and shade plants of Haberlea rhodopensis under controlled environment.

Mihailova G, Abakumov D, Büchel C, Dietzel L, Georgieva K

Plant Molecular Biology Reports 35: 313-322

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Phytochrome A and B regulate primary metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves in response to light.

Han X, Tohge T, Lalor P, Dockery P, Devaney N, Esteves-Ferreira AA, Fernie AR, Sulpice R

Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1394

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Seasonal variation in floating persistence of detached Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot thalli.

Graiff A, Karsten U, Meyer S, Pfender D, Tala F, Thiel M

Botanica Marina 56: 3-14

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Osmotic stress in Arctic and Antarctic strains of the green alga Zygnema (Zygnematales, Streptophyta): Effects on photosynthesis and ultrastructure.

Kaplan F, Lewis LA, Herburger K, Holzinger A

Micron 44: 317-330

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Effects of hematin and carbon monoxide on the salinity stress responses of Cassia obtusifolia L. seeds and seedlings.

Zhang C, Li Y, Yuan F, Hu S, He P

Plant Soil 359: 85-105

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Photosynthetic characterization of a rolled leaf mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Wang L-F, Fu H, Ji Y-H

African Journal of Biotechnology 11: 6839-6846

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Desiccation-induced non-radiative dissipation in isolated green lichen algae.

Wieners PC, Mudimu O, Bilger W

Photosynthesis Research 113: 239-247

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Photoacclimation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) cultures grown outdoors in photobioreactors and open ponds.

Torzillo G, Faraloni C, Silva AM, Kopecký J, Pilný J, Masojídek J

European Journal of Phycology 47: 169-181

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Phenotyping of wheat cultivars for heat tolerance using chlorophyll a fluorescence.

Sharma DK, Andersen SB, Ottosen C-O, Rosenqvist E

Functional Plant Biology 39: 936-947

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Sll1466, a glycosyl transferase homolog involved in global cellular regulation and high-light tolerance of Synechocystis PCC6803.

Wang X, Dong L-L, Zhang C-X, Zhu K-Z, Zhao J-Q, Zhao K-H, Zhou M

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 408: 674-679

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Cross-talk between photomixotrophic growth and CO2-concentrating mechanism in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803.

Haimovich-Dayan M, Kahlon S, Hihara Y, Hagemann M, Ogawa T, Ohad I, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Kaplan A

Environmental Microbiology 13: 1767-1777

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Light-induced changes within Photosystem II protects Microcoleus sp. in biological desert sand crusts against excess light.

Ohad I, Raanan H, Keren N, Tchernov D, Kaplan A

PLOS ONE 5: e11000

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Why some stems are red: cauline anthocyanins shield photosystem II against high light stress.

Gould KS, Dudle DA, Neufeld HS

Journal of Experimental Botany 61: 2707-2717

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Plant physiological adaptations to the massive foreign protein synthesis occurring in recombinant chloroplasts.

Bally J, Nadai M, Vitel M, Rolland A, Dumain R, Dubald M

Plant Physiology 150: 1474-1481

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PAM-2500

Description
Charger for external battery 000160101314, input 100-230 V, 50-60 Hz AC, 0.4 kg
Signal detection
PIN-photodiode protected by long-pass filter (T50%=715 nm). Selective window amplifier
Sockets
Connector for Special Fiberoptics 2010-F. USB socket. Sockets for Leaf Clip Holder 2030-B or Micro Quantum/Temperature-Sensor 2060-M, Battery Charger MINI-PAM/L or external 12 V battery via MINI-PAM/AK cable, and external lamp/trigger output
Communication
USB. Bluetooth Version 2.0 + EDR Class 2
User interface
Windows computer with PamWin-3 software
Power consumption
Basic operation 1.6 W, 8 W with all internal light sources operated at maximum output (measuring light, red and blue actinic light, and far red light). Saturation pulse at maximum intensity, 30 W
Power supply
Rechargeable sealed lead-acid battery 12 V/2 Ah; Battery Charger MINI-PAM/L (100 to 240 V AC)
Recharging time
6 hours (with the PAM-2500 turned off) via Battery Charger MINI-PAM/L
Operating temperature
-5 to +40 °C
Operating humidity range
20 to 95% RH to avoid condensation
Dimensions
23 cm x 10.5 cm x 10.5 cm (L x W x H) aluminum housing
Weight
2.5 kg (including battery)
Measuring light
Red LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM (full width at half maximum) 20 nm. 1 μs pulses at modulation frequencies 10 to 5000 Hz for F0 determinations (200 Hz default), and 1 to 100 kHz during actinic illumination, fast kinetics with 100 or 200 kHz, 20 intensity levels, frequency dependent effective PAR ranging from 0.001 to 100 μmol m-2 s-1
Blue actinic light
LEDs, maximum emission at 455 nm, FWHM 20 nm, PAR up to 800 μmol m-2 s-1, 20 intensity levels
Red actinic light
LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM 15 nm, PAR up to 4000 μmol m-2 s-1, 20 intensity levels
Saturation pulses
Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 25000 μmol m-2 s-1, adjustable between 0.1 and 0.8 s, 20 intensity levels
Multiple turn-over flashes
Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 25000 μmol m-2 s-1, adjustable between 1 and 800 ms, 20 intensity levels
Single turn-over flashes
Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 125000 μmol m-2 s-1, adjustable between 5 and 50 μs
Far-red light
LED, maximum emission at 750 nm, FWHM 25 nm, 20 intensity levels
Design
Flexible, steel-spiral, plastic-covered bundle with three-pin optical connector
Joint end (measuring site)
Active diameter 6 mm, outer diameter 8 mm
Length
100 cm
Weight
300 g
Design
Metal clip with fiber holder and 11 mm diameter sample hole: 5.5 cm x 1.4 cm (L x W)
Fiber holder
1.2 cm length, mounted 0.7 cm above base, with lateral screw to fix fiber optics. Angle between fiber optics axis and sample plane: 60°. Two spacer rings to vary the distance between fiber end and leaf surface
Input
100 to 240 V AC, 47 to 63 Hz
Output
19 V DC, 3.7 A
Operating temperature
0 to 40 °C
Dimensions
15 cm x 6 cm x 3 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
300 g
Carrier
Robust field carrier bag with shoulder and hip belt
Software
PamWin-4 System Control and Data Acquisition Program for operation of the instrument via PC or laptop, data acquisition and analysis
Fluorescence analysis

Fitting routine for the fast fluorescence O-I1 to determine the functional absorption cross-section of the PS II antennae (Sigma) needed for the determination of PS II-specific electron transport rates

Fitting routine for exponential decay (e.g. QA– reoxidation after a single turnover flash) or rise of a signal with up to three exponentials

Choice of two fitting routines for light curves (determination of cardinal points α, Ik and ETRmax)

Measured

Ft, F0, FM, F, F0' (also calculated), FM'. Fast polyphasic rise and decay kinetics (time resolution up to 10 µs). PAR using Spherical Micro Quantum Sensor US-SQS/WB or Mini Quantum Sensor US-MQS/WB

Calculated

F0' (also measured), Fv/Fm and Y(II) (maximum and effective photochemical yield of PS II, respectively), qL, qP, qN, NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and ETR (electron transport rate), C/F0 (constant fraction of F0 that is assumed to originate from PS I)

Operating System
Microsoft Windows 10 (32 and 64 bits) and 11; computers that can run these operating systems, can also work with PamWin-4.
Design

Aluminum box with custom foam packing

Dimensions
60 cm x 40 cm x 25 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
5 kg
Mini quantum sensor
LS-C sensor, selective PAR measurement, 0 to 20000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR
Thermocouple
Ni-CrNi, 0.1 mm diameter,
-20 to +60 °C
Output
PAR, high sensitivity range: 0 to 1000 µmol/(m2·s); normal sensitivity range: 0 to 20000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR (output 0 to 2.5 V for each range). Leaf temperature, -20 to +60 °C (0 to 0.8 V)
Power supply
PAM-2500 leaf clip socket (5 V/4 mA)
Length of power cable
100 cm
Length of sensor cables
30 cm
Dimensions
16 cm x 3 cm x 1.7 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
220 g

Accessories

Mini quantum sensor
Magnetically attached, swivel-mounted sensor (see LS-C sensor), selective PAR measurement, 0 to 20000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR
Thermocouple
Ni-CrNi, diameter 0.1 mm, -20 to +60 °C
Output
PAR, high sensitivity range: 0 to 1000 μmol m-2 s-1; normal sensitivity range: 0 to 20000 μmol m-2 s-1 (output 0 to 2.5 V for each range). Leaf temperature, -20 to +60 °C (0 to 0.8 V). Remote trigger button, signal line connected to ground
Power supply
PAM-2500 leaf clip socket (5 V/4 mA)
Cable length
100 cm
Dimensions
17 cm x 5.7 cm (max.) x 8 cm (max.) (L x W x H)
Weight
310 g
Dimensions (without plastic supports)
15 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.5 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
125 g
Design

Aluminum plate (6.0 x 3.3 cm max.) with 11 mm diameter circular hole (measuring area) and aluminum port to position fiber at an angle of 60° relative to the aluminum plate. With port for temperature sensor of 2060-M unit to measure surface temperature and thread to mount the PAR sensor of the 2060-M unit. Connected to a 10 x 0.8 cm (L x Ø) steal rod with two lateral plastic supports (12 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm, L x W x H), which are lockable by knurled screws

Design
Aluminum clip with 3.2 mm diameter viewing area designed to position small leaves below the fiberoptics of the MINI-PAM-II, prepared to accommodate PAR and temperature sensors of the Mini Quantum/Temp.-Sensor 2065-M
Dimensions
7.6 cm x 3.0 cm (max.) x 5.2 cm (max.) (L x W x H)
Weight
55 g
Design
Clip made of aluminum with felt contact areas and sliding shutter
Dimensions
6.5 cm x 2 cm (max.) x 1.5 cm (max.) (L x W x H)
Weight
3.6 g
Design
Tube-shaped fiber tip holder composed of polyoxymethylene (POM; 4.5 cm x 2.5 cm, L x D max,) with recessed permanent neodymium magnet. Spring steel band (0.3 mm thick, 1.5 cm wide) consisting of two arms (2 cm and 5 cm, respectively) which form a right angle. The leaf is positioned between the 2 cm arm and the fiber optics tip. The 5 cm arm is attached to the fiber tip holder by the magnet. The 5 cm arm runs in a slit guide. Including a stand with fiberoptics guide
Cuvette

Round stainless steel cuvette (7.5 mm wide, 9.0 mm deep) with top window adapter for connecting the fiberoptics; embedded in PVC body with injection port for Hamilton syringes and hose nozzles for connecting an external flow-through water bath (not included). Including three 6.0 x 1.5 mm magnetic stir bars

Design

90 cm cable with fuse for over-current protection. The cable bypasses the internal battery of the PAM-2500 fluorometer and supplies voltage from an external 12 V battery directly to the electronics. External DC cable to connect 12 V battery. One red and one black (GND) blade receptacle at one end, the other end with special PAM-2500 EXT. DC plug.

Length

90 cm

 

Weight

45 g

Magnetic stirrer
To drive the magnetic flea in the Suspension Cuvette KS-2500; with PVC ring for centering the cuvette and miniature stand to fix the fiberoptics on top of the cuvette
Design

Lightweight tripod for mounting measuring units

Working height

Adjustable between 24 cm and 87 cm

Dimensions

42 cm x 7 cm x 7 cm (L x W x H)

Weight

550 g

Design

Stable tripod for mounting the Standard Measuring Head 3010-S, the tripod fits into the GFS-3000 transport box

Working height

54 cm – 130 cm

Dimensions

55 cm x 12 cm x 8 cm (L x W x H)

Weight

1050 g

Design

Tablet PC, dust tight and protected against powerful waterjets (IP66), Windows 11 Pro (64 Bit), PamWin-4 software installed, Intel® Pentium® Gold 8500 processor, 8 GB DDR4L RAM, 128 GB NVMe SSD; 8.0″ (1280 x 800 pixels) sunlight readable capacitive multi-touch LCD display, Li-Ion battery (3.8 V, 3600 mAh, 8 hours operating time)

Interface

USB 3.2 Gen 2, Wi-Fi 6E AX211 (802.11 ax), Bluetooth® V5.2

Operating temperature

-20° C to +60° C, humidity up to 95% non-condensing

Dimension

22.7 cm x 15.0 cm x 2.1 cm (L x W x H)

Weight

880 g

PamWin-4 Software

General Features and Graphical User Interface

The “field screen” of the PamWin-4 software serves mainly for outdoor operation where ease and simplicity of instrument control is important. The elements of the field screen are easily accessible via the touch screen display of an optional ultra-mobile PC. The “advanced” level interface gives the user full control of the instrument for more elaborate experiments.
   


 

Advanced Level User Interface

The advanced level user interface of the PamWin-4 software includes saturation pulse analysis, recording of µs fluorescence kinetics, and a wide range of graphical and analytical features. The parameters defining fluorescence induction curves and light curves can be easily programmed in a special settings window.

 

Programming

Using the script file feature of the PamWin-4 software, custom-designed experiments can be carried out by simply clicking the Start button. Script files can execute complex experimental protocols with a precision that cannot be achieved manually.

A special graphical user interface (fast trigger settings) is provided for fast kinetics programming. The interface permits switching of light sources with 2.5 μs time resolution. High signal quality can be obtained even with noisy signals by fast kinetics averaging.