DIVING-PAM-II

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Underwater Fluorometer with Miniature Spectrometer

Measuring Photosynthesis Underwater

The DIVING-PAM-II is a submersible chlorophyll fluorometer designed for in situ measurements of photosynthetic performance in aquatic environments. Based on the pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) principle, the system measures chlorophyll fluorescence directly underwater, preserving natural conditions and eliminating the need for sample collection.

Key fluorescence parameters are automatically determined from saturation pulse analysis such as maximum quantum yield (FV/FM) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ).  A far-red LED enables specific excitation of photosystem I (PSI). Built for demanding marine and freshwater fieldwork, the DIVING-PAM-II is the instrument of choice for coral reef monitoring, seagrass ecology, aquaculture, and underwater photosynthesis research.

Integrated Miniature Spectrometer for Spectral Analysis

A defining feature of the DIVING-PAM-II is its integrated miniature spectrometer, the MINI-SPEC. It measures the spectral composition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the measurement site and automatically calculates total external PAR. This is of critical importance given that the light quality changes significantly with water depth. The miniature spectrometer also enables spectral analysis of fluorescence emission and reflectance for species identification and physiological characterization.

Designed for Underwater Field Research

The depth-rated, fully submersible housing is designed for reliable SCUBA-based fieldwork. Ten waterproof infrared reflection switches and a transflective display allow SCUBA divers to operate the instrument intuitively at depth. Built-in sensors log depth and temperature with every measurement, while a proven fiberoptics system allows precise positioning on corals, macroalgae, and seagrass leaves.

Data Management and Versatile Use

The internal flash memory stores over 27,000 measurements, with convenient data download via WIFI. For long-term monitoring, underwater cables connect the DIVING-PAM-II to a Windows computer running the WinControl-3 software. In dry environments, the system also operates accessories of the MINI-PAM-II fluorometer.

Applications of the DIVING-PAM-II

The DIVING-PAM-II is widely used by marine biologists, coral reef ecologists, and environmental scientists to study photosynthetic performance in aquatic ecosystems. Typical applications include, for example:

Coral Reef Research

In situ assessment of coral photosynthesis, bleaching stress, and symbiont photophysiology.

Seagrass and Macroalgae Ecology

Non-invasive measurement of photosynthetic capacity and light acclimation in seagrass beds and kelp forests.

Aquaculture Scale-Up and Optimization

Assessing photosynthetic health of cultivated algae, corals, and aquatic plants to optimize mariculture production.

Environmental Stress Monitoring

Quantifying photosynthetic responses to temperature extremes, ocean acidification, UV radiation, and pollution.

Intertidal and Extreme Environment Studies

Field measurements in Arctic waters, tropical beachrock platforms, and rapidly changing tidal habitats.

Benthic Community Analysis

Reflectance and fluorescence characterization of biofilms, microphytobenthos, and cyanobacterial communities.
 

Available Versions

The DIVING-PAM-II is available in two versions optimized for different sample types: The DIVING-PAM-II/B (BLUE Version) uses blue measuring light at 475 nm with broad fluorescence detection above 630 nm. The DIVING-PAM-II/R (RED Version) uses red measuring light at 655 nm with fluorescence detection above 700 nm.

Photosynthesis under Extreme Conditions (Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia)

The DIVING-PAM-II was applied for the very first in situ measurements of spectral reflectance and photosynthetic activity of cyanobacterial biofilms colonizing the intertidal beachrock platform of Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef.

This is an extreme environment undergoing large changes in temperature (28->50 degrees Celsius), light exposure (high UV and PAR levels of > 2000 µmol photons m-2 s-1), salinity (freshwater to >50 ppt salinity) and water status (dry to fully submersed) on a daily basis, as driven by the local tides on Heron Island.
The spectrometer of the DIVING PAMII enabled us to study the distribution of different cyanobacteria via measurements of reflectance spectra on different locations on the beachrock in combination with measurements of light acclimation of the beachrock cyanobacteria under different tidal conditions, which are impossible to simulate in the lab.

Our spectral reflectance measurements showed that the beachrock harbors a dense cyanobacterial biofilm community, which is shielded against UV and bright sunlight via high levels of protective sunscreens (scytonemin and carotenoids). This enables efficient photosynthesis even under extreme conditions, as quantified via in situ measurements of rapid light curves on the beachrock platform.

Professor Michael Kuhl, University of Copenhagen

Assessing Photosynthesis of Marine Macro Algea

Kongsfjord, Spitsbergen Island

A prototype of the DIVING-PAM was tested on the Spitsbergen Island under arctic conditions. The chlorophyll fluorometer was used in the Kongsfjord and exposed to water depths down to 30 m, at a temperature of 0 °C. Despite of these somewhat unusual conditions, it functioned without any problems.

For the first time, the saturation-pulse method was applied with simultaneous light measurement for an assessment of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm') in macroalgae in their natural underwater habitat. The aspect of quantum yield regulation as a function of the light adaptation state at low temperatures was a central subject of this investigation.

The brown alga Alaria esculenta was chosen as object of investigation. In Kongsfjord, this alga can reach a height of up to 5 m. This plant takes root in the rocky sea bed and is characterized by an upright stalk, with the top "leaf-region" reaching the water surface.
Measurements proved a clear correlation between the photosynthetic performance of individual "leaf-regions" and their distance from the surface. The most important differences (by about a factor of 3) were measured in the area between the surface (lowest quantum yield) and a depth of 60 cm, where almost maximum quantum yield was observed.

As expected, the relative suppression of photosynthesis reached its highest level at the time of the most intensive solar radiation at noon (the so-called midday depression). This phenomenon seems to reflect an important protection mechanism against damaging effects of excess light energy (heat dissipation). This is especially important when the enzymatic dark reactions are slowed down at low temperatures.

Southern Atlantic Coast of Spain

Similar underwater measurements were made with the DIVING-PAM at the southern Atlantic coast of Spain. The relative electron transport rate (ΔF/Fm' x PAR) of Halopteris scoparia, a brown alga of only 3 cm height growing in the uppermost coastal zone, was determined at different times of the day, under natural conditions of solar radiation.

Even the algae growing near the water surface did not show any symptoms of an increased dissipation of excess light energy. Contrary to the arctic algae, no significant saturation of electron transport rate was observed under high irradiance. 

This leads to the conclusion that Halopteris was not exposed to any light stress during the natural course of the day. Consequently, it was able to make optimal use of the available solar energy at any time. This is typical of a plant acclimated to high light conditions. In this context, a sufficiently high ambient temperature seems to be an important precondition for acclimation of the dark reactions to the high rates of quantum absorption.

Prof. Dr. Dieter Hanelt, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Measuring Spectra of PAR, Reflectance and Fluorescence

The Miniature Spectrometer MINI-SPEC is a compact and robust outdoor instrument for gathering spectral information of the light environment and the sample.

Figures 1 to 4 illustrate types and signal quality of PAR spectra as well as of reflectance and fluorescence spectra.

Scientific Publications using Walz Devices

Source: Google Scholar.
Keywords: (Walz OR Waltz) Effeltrich.
Date: June 22, 2026.

Ʃ = 19642

Per Year

Source: Google Scholar.
Keywords: (Walz OR Waltz) Effeltrich.
Date: June 22, 2026.

Ʃ = 19642

Year

Selected Publications

Heat-responsive dynamic shifts in alternate splicing of the coral Acropora cervicornis

Stanckiewicz KH, Valenzuela JJ, Turkarslan S, Wu W-J, Gomez-Campo K, Locatelli NS, Conn TL, Radice VZ, Parker KE, Alderdice R, Bay LK, Voolstra CR, Barshis DJ, Baums IB, Baliga NS

Photobiological and biochemical characterization of conchocelis and blade phases from Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta, Bangiales)

Tomazi Pereira D, Figueroa FL

Phycology 5: 9

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Effects of seawater polyphenols from Gongolaria usneoides on photosynthesis and biochemical compounds of the invasive alien species Rugulopteryx okamurae (Phaeophyceae, Heterokontophyta)

Tomazo Pereira D, García Alarcón F, García Alarcón M, Celis-Plá PSM, Figueroa FL

Plants 14: 2594

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Symbiotic symbiodiniaceae mediate coral-associated bacterial communities along a natural thermal gradient

Yang Q, Zhang H, Qiu J-W, Huang D, Zhou X, Zheng X

Environmental Microbiome 20: 72

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Influence of network connectivity on benthic and pelagic algal communities in a Danube floodplain system (Austria)

Bondar-Kunze E, Moser M-C, Bilous O, Funk A, Hein T

Conférence internationale I.S. Rivers, Lyon, France

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Resolving coral temperature vulnerability through heat and cold bleaching thresholds

El-Khaled Y, Garcia F, Garcias-Bonet N, Monti M, Santoro E, Marques M, Dunn N, Keller-Costa T, Voolstra C, Peixoto R

Research Square

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Physiological and symbiotic flexibility of reef-building corals to new habitats: insights from clonal colony transplants

Gantt SE, Keister EF, Jerry SE, Tindal RF, Manfroy AA, Merck DE, Muller E, Kemp DW

Journal of Applied Ecology 62: 207-219

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Reefs at risk: conservation strategies, species responses, and education for sustainable coastal ecosystems

Good AM

PhD-thesis Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas

Tolerance of organisms composing arctic kelp community to ocean warming and marine heatwaves

Lebrun A, Miller CA, Gazeau F, Urrutti P, Alliouane S, Gattuso J-P, Comeau S

Journal of Ecology 113: 1938-1954

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Evaluating stress antagonists for enhanced coral recovery after natural heat exposure

Mezger SD, El-Khaled YC, Carvalho S, Peixoto RS, Wild C

Scientific Reports 15: 35235

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Key benthic species are affected by predicted warming in winter but show resistance to ocean acidification.

Schertenleib KSH, Davey T, Taylor D, O’Connor NE

Ecology and Evolution 14: e70308

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Light exposure induces phenotypic plasticity of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea and its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.

Salas R, Anthony CJ, Bentlage B

Advancing Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta, Bangiales) culture: low cost artificial seawater, nitrate supply, photosynthetic activity and energy dissipation.

Pereira DT, Korbee N, Vega J, Figueroa FL

Journal of Applied Phycology 36: 3509-3523

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Plant growth regulators improve the growth and physiology of transplanted Thalassia hemprichii fragments.

Li Z, Shi Y, Zhao M, Shi Z, Luo H, Cai J, Han Q

Frontiers in Marine Science 11: 1334937

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Ecological interruption on food web dynamics by eutrophic water discharge from the world’s longest dike at Saemangeum, Yellow Sea.

Lee IO, Kim H, Kwon I, Kwon B-O, Kim J-S, Lee J, Nam J, Noh J, Khim JS

Environment International 184: 108468

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Photosynthetic characteristics of benthic microalgae measured by HPLC and diving pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry on the Nakdong river estuary of the Korean peninsula.

Kim JB, Chung MH, Park J-I

KJEE 57: 61-74

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The role of coralliths in coral reef recovery and expansion.

Jogee N

PhD-thesis University of Edinburgh

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Linking coral fluorescence phenotypes to thermal bleaching in the reef-building Galaxea fascicularis from the northern South China.

Gong S, Liang J, Li G, Xu L, Tan Y, Zhang X, Jin X, Yu K, Xia X

Marine Life Science & Technology 6: 155-167

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Probiotics reshape the coral microbiome in situ without detectable off-target effects in the surrounding environment.

Delgadillo-Ordoñez N, Garcias-Bonet N, Raimundo I, Garcia FC, Villela H, Osman EO, Santoro EP, Curdia J, Rosado JGD, Cardoso P, Alsaggaf A, Barno A, Antony CP, Bocanegra C, Berumen ML, Voolstra CR, Benzoni F, Carvalho S, Peixoto RS

Communications Biology 7: 434

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Seasonal changes in coral thermal threshold suggest species-specific strategies for coping with temperature variations.

García FC, Osman EO, Garcias-Bonet N, Delgadillo-Ordoñez N, Santoro EP, Raimundo I, Villela HDM, Voolstra CR, Peixoto R

Communications Biology 7: 1680

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Environmental characterization of an Amazonian lake for Isoëtes cangae translocation.

Prado LAS, Gripp AdR, Cogo AJD, Santos MP, da Rocha JG, Genovez JGF, Calderon EN, Martins RL, Cavalcante AB, Esteves FdA, Zandonadi DB

Plant Ecology 224: 831-840

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The resilience of the aquatic Isoëtes cangae to terrestrial environment: insights into molecular and ecophysiological adaptations.

De Sant’anna Lopes AV, Gomes Neto LR, Dorighetto Cogo AJ, Pereira Cunha L, Frois Caldeira C, Oliveira G, Lemes Martins R, de Assis Esteves F, Buraslan Cavalcante A, Monteiro Duarte H, Zandonadi DB, Nunes da Fonseca R, Pupo Santos M

Aquatic Botany 189: 103704

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Investigation of water quality and aquatic ecological succession of a newly constructed river replenished by reclaimed water.

Li Z, Sun Z, Zhang L, Zhan N, Lou C, Lian J

Heliyon 9: e17045

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Day-night cycle as a key environmental factor affecting coral-Symbiodininaceae symbiosis.

Gong S, Li G, Liang J, Xu L, Tan Y, Jin X, Xia X, Yu K

Ecological Indicators 146: 109890

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Wild and nursery-raised corals: comparative physiology of two framework coral species.

Gantt SE, Keister EF, Manfroy AA, Merck DE, Fitt WK, Muller EM, Kemp DW

Coral Reefs 42: 299-310

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Effects of global warming on the growth and proliferation of attached Sargassum horneri in the aquaculture area near Gouqi Island, China.

Wu T, Xia L, Zhuang M, Pan J, Liu J, Dai W, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Shen X, Zhang J, Qin Y

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11: 9

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Diurnal fluctuations in seawater pCO2 amplify the negative effects of ocean acidification on the biotic performance of the calcifying macroalga Halimeda opuntia.

Wei Z, Zhang Y, Yang F, Long L

Frontiers in Marine Sciences 9: 968740

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Clonal integration affects growth and sediment properties of the first ramet generation, but not later ramet generations under severe light stress.

Ma X, Li Y, Yu W, Wang J, Liu C

Journal of Plant Ecology 15: 1080-1090

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Acclimation to elevated temperatures in Acropora cervicornis: effects of host genotype and symbiont shuffling.

Indergard MO, Bellantuono A, Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Heng F, Gilg MR

Marine Ecology Progress Series 701: 41-65

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Predicting selection-response gradients of heat tolerance in a widespread reef-building coral.

Weeriyanun P, Collins RB, Macadam A, Kiff H, Randle JL, Quigley KM

Journal of Experimental Biology 225: jeb243344

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Performance and mechanism of the in-situ restoration effect on VHCs in the polluted river water based on the orthogonal experiment: photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics and microbial community analysis.

Wang J, Wu S, Yang Q, Gu Y, Wang P, Li Z, Li L

Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29: 43004-43018

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Effect of sea lice chemotherapeutant hydrogen peroxide on the photosynthetic characteristics and bleaching of the coralline alga Lithothamnion soriferum.

Legrand E, Parsons AE, Escobar-Lux RH, Freytet F, Agnalt A-L, Samuelsen OB, Husa V

Aquatic Toxicology 247: 106173

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Photoacclimation and light thresholds for cold temperate seagrasses.

Léger-Daigle R, Noisette F, Bélanger S, Cusson M, Nozais C

Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 805065

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Monitoring photosynthetic activity using in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence in microalgae and cyanobacteria biofilms in the Nerja Cave (Malaga, Spain).

Del Rosal Y, Muñoz-Fernández J, Celis-Plá PSM, Hernández-Mariné M, Álvarez-Gómez F, Merino S, Figueroa F

International Journal of Speleology 51: 29-42

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High-latitude calcified coralline algae exhibit seasonal vulnerability to acidification despite physical proximity to non-calcified alga.

Bell LE, Gómez JB, Donham E, Steller DL, Gabrielson PW, Kroeker KJ

Climate Change Ecology 3: 100049

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Growth and photoacclimation strategies of three Zostera species along a vertical gradient: implications for seagrass zonation patterns.

Park SR, Moon K, Kim SH, Lee K-S

Science of the Total Environment 769: 144443

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Highly competitive native aquatic species could suppress the growth of invasive aquatic species with similar traits.

Zhang X, Yu H, Yu H, Liu C, Fan S, Yu D

Biological Invasions 23: 267-280

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Emersion-associated responses of an intertidal coral and its suitability for transplantation to ecologically engineer seawalls.

Yong CLX, Poquita-Du RC, Huang D, Todd PA

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9: 1096

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Increased light availability modulates carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) om response to ocean acidification.

Wei Z, Zhang Y, Yang F, Liang J, Long L

Environmental and Experimental Botany 187: 104492

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The influence of small-scale resource heterogeneity caused by human activities on the growth phenotype of invasive aquatic plants.

Wang J, Wang Q, Hu J, Yu H, Liu C, Yu D

Ecological Indicators 125: 107504

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Chemical management strategies for starry stonewort: a mesocosm study.

Pokrzywinski K, Bishop W, Grasso C, Volk K, Getsinger K

Engineer Research and Development Center EL TR-21-10

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Synthetic algal-bacteria consortia for space-efficient microalgal growth in a simple hydrogel system.

Martin N, Bernat T, Dinasquet J, Stoftko A, Damon A, Deheyn DD, Azam F, Smith JE, Davey MP, Smith AG, Vignolini S, Wangpraseurt D

A novel thin-film technique to improve accuracy of fluorescence-based estimates for periphytic biofilms.

Katona L, Vadeboncoeur Y, Nietch CT, Hossler K

Water 13: 1464

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Host genotype and stable differences in algal symbiont communities explain patterns of thermal stress response of Montipora capitata following thermal pre-exposure and across multiple bleaching events.

Dilworth J, Caruso C, Kahkejian VA, Baker AC, Drury C

Adding insult to injury: effects of chronic oxybenzone exposure and elevated temperature on two reef-building corals.

Wijgerde T, van Ballegooijen M, Nijland R, van der Loos L, Kwadijk C, Osinga R, Murk A, Slijkerman D

Science of the Total Environment 733: 139030

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Increased light availability enhances tolerances against ocean acidification stress in Halimeda opuntia.

Wei Z, Long C, Zhang Y, Huo Y, Yang F, Long L

Influence of experimental in situ shading on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile biology.

Luyckx A

PhD thesis Université catholique de Louvain

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Photosynthesis and mineralogy of Jania rubens at low pH/high pCO2: a future perspective.

Porzio L, Buia MC, Ferretti V, Lorenti M, Rossi M, Trifuoggi M, Vergara A, Arena C

Science of the Total Environment 628-629: 375-383

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13C metabolomics reveals widespread change in carbon fate during coral bleaching.

Hillyer KE, Dias D, Lutz A, Roessner U, Davy SK

Metabolomics 14: 12

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Use of glucose biosensors to measure extracellular glucose exudation by intertidal microphytobenthos in southern Tasmania.

McMinn A, Lee S

Journal of Phycology 54: 410-418

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Physiological and biochemical analyses shed light on the response of Sargassum vulgare to ocean acidification at different time scales.

Kumar A, AbdElgawad H, Castellano I, Lorenti M, Dellodonne M, Beemster GTS, Asard H, Buia MC, Palumbo A

Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 570

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Adjustment of photoprotection to tidal conditions in intertidal seagrasses.

Kohlmeier D, Pilditch CA, Bornman JF, Bischof K

Journal of the Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 97: 571-579

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Metabolite profiling of symbiont and host during thermal stress and bleaching in the coral Acropora aspera.

Hillyer KE, Dias DA, Lutz A, Wilkinson SP, Roessner U, Davy SK

Coral Reefs 36: 105-118

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Environmental sensitivity of Neogoniolithon brassica-florida associated with vermetid reefs in the Mediterranean Sea.

Fine M, Tsadok R, Meron D, Cohen S, Milazzo M

ICES Journal of Marine Science 74: 1074-1082

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Photophysiology and hydrogen peroxide generation of the dinoflagellate and chlorophyte symbionts of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima.

Dimond JL, Orechovesky S, Oppenheimer J, Rodrígruez-Ramos J, Bingham BL

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 489: 43-47

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Contrasting NPQ dynamics and xanthophyll cycling in motile and a non-motile intertidal benthic diatom.

Blommaert L, Huysman MJJ, Vyverman W, Lavaud J, Sabbe K

Limnology and Oceanography 62: 1466-1479

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Long-term salinity tolerance is accompanied by major restructuring of the coral bacterial microbiome.

Röthig T, Ochsenkühn MA, Roik A, van der Merwe R, Voolstra CR

Molecular Ecology 25: 1308-1323

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Impact of air exposure on the photobiology and biochemical profile of an aggressive intertidal competitor, the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum.

Rosa IC, Rocha RJM, Lopes A, Cruz ICS, Calado R, Bandarra N, Kikuchi RK, Soares AMVM, Serôdio J, Rosa R

Marine Biology 163: 222

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Combined ocean acidification and low temperature stressors cause coral mortality.

Kavousi J, Parkinson JE, Nakamura T

Coral Reefs 35: 903-907

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Effects of lead on two green microalgae Chlorella and Scenedesmus: photosystem II activity and heterogeneity.

Dao LHT, Beardall J

Algal Research 16: 150-159

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Influence of local environmental conditions and bleaching histories on the diversity and distribution of Symbiodinium in reef-building corals in Tanzania.

Chauka LJ, Steinert G, Mtolera MSP

African Journal of Marine Science 38: 57-64

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Niche acclimatization in Red Sea corals is dependent on flexibility of host-symbiont association.

Ziegler M, Roder C, Büchel C, Voolstra CR

Marine Ecology Progress Series 533: 149-161

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Macroalgal responses to ocean acidification depend on nutrient and light levels.

Celis-Plá PSM, Hall-Spencer JM, Horta PA, Milazzo M, Korbee N, Cornwall CE, Figueroa FL

Frontiers in Marine Science 2: 26

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Fluctuations in coral health of four common inshore reef corals in response to seasonal and anthropogenic changes in water quality.

Browne NK, Tay JKL, Low J, Larson O, Todd PA

Marine Environmental Research 105: 39-52

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Chronic light reduction reduces overall resilience to additional shading stress in the seagrass Halophila ovalis.

Yaakub SM, Chen E, Bouma TJ, Erftemeijer PLA, Todd PA

Marine Pollution Bulletin 83: 467-474

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Community dynamics and physiology of Symbiodinium spp. before, during, and after a coral bleaching event.

Kemp DW, Hernandez-Pech X, Iglesias-Prieto R, Fitt WK, Schmidt GW

Limnology and Oceanography 59: 788-797

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Antagonist effect between violaxanthin and de-epoxidated pigments in nonphotochemical quenching induction in the qE deficient brown alga Macrocystis pyrifera.

Ocampo-Alvarez H, García-Mendoza E, Govindjee

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1827: 427-437

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Concentration boundary layers around complex assemblages of macroalgae: Implications for the effects of ocean acidification on understory coralline algae.

Cornwall CE, Hepburn CD, Pilditch CA, Hurd CL

Limnology and Oceanography 58: 121-130

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Gene expression patterns of the coral Acropora millepora in response to contact with macroalgae.

Shearer TL, Rasher DB, Snell TW, Hay ME

Coral Reefs 31: 1177-1192

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Responses of the macroalgae Hypnea musciformis after in vitro exposure to UV-B.

Schmidt ÉC, Pereira B, dos Santos, RW, Gouveia C, Costa GB, Faria GSM, Scherner F, Horta PA, Martins RdP, Latini A, Ramlov F, Maraschin M, Bouzon ZL

Aquatic Botany 100: 8-17

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Influences of cadmium on fine structure and metabolism of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultivated in vitro.

Bouzon ZL, Ferreira EC, dos Santos R, Scherner F, Horta PA, Maraschin M, Schmidt ÉC

Protoplasma 249: 637-650

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Impact of feeding and short-term temperature stress on the content and isotopic signature of fatty acids, sterols, and alcohols in the scleractinian coral Turbinaria reniformis.

Tolosa I, Treignier C, Grover R, Ferrier-Pagès C

Coral Reefs 30: 763-774

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Warmer more acidic conditions cause decreased productivity and calcification in subtropical coral reef sediment-dwelling calcifiers.

Sinutok S, Hill R, Doblin MA, Wuhrer R, Ralph PJ

Limnology and Oceanography 56: 1200-1212

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The physiological response of reef corals to diel fluctuations in seawater temperature.

Putnam HM, Edmunds PJ

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 396: 216-223

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Herbicides increase the vulnerability of corals to rising sea surface temperature.

Negri AP, Flores F, Röthig T, Uthicke S

Limnology and Oceanography 56: 471-485

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Physiological versus behavioral photoprotection in intertidal epipelic and epipsammic benthic diatom communities.

Cartaxana P, Ruivo M, Hubas C, Davidson I, Serôdio J, Jesus B

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 620: 163-172

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Diurnal variation in relative photosynthetic performance in giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) at different depths as estimated using PAM fluorometry.

Edwards MS, Kim KY

Aquatic Botany 92: 119-128

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Effect of salinity on growth and nutrient uptake of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) from an eelgrass bed.

Choi T-S, Kang E-J, Kim J-H, Kim K-Y

Algae 25: 17-26

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Seagrass photosynthesis controls rates of calcification and photosynthesis of calcareous macroalgae in a tropical seagrass meadow.

Semesi IS, Beer S, Björk M

Marine Ecology Progress Series 382: 41-47

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Sensitivity of Antarctic Urospora penicilliformis (Ulotrichales, Chlorophyta) to ultraviolet radiation is life-stage dependent.

Roleda M, Campana GL, Wiencke C, Hanelt D, Quartino ML, Wulff A

Journal of Phycology 45: 600-609

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The effects of UV radiation on photosynthesis estimated as chlorophyll fluorescence in Zygnemopsis decussata (Chlorophyta) growing in a high mountain lake (Sierra Nevada, Southern Spain).

Figueroa FL, Korbee N, Carrillo P, Medina-Sánchez JM, Mata M, Bonomi J, Sánchez-Castillo PM

Journal of Limnology 68: 206-216

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In vivo and in vitro differences in chloroplast functionality in the two north Atlantic sacoglossans (Gastropoda, Ophistobranchia) Placida dendritica and Elysia viridis

Evertsen J, Johnsen G

Marine Biology 156: 847-859

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Spatio-temporal variability of intertidal benthic primary production and respiration in the western part of the Mont Saint-Michel Bay (Western English Channel, France).

Davoult D, Migné A, Créach A, Gévaert F, Hubas C, Spilmont N, Boucher G

Hydrobiologia 620: 163-172

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Long-term changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence of bleached and recovering corals from Hawaii.

Rodrigues LJ, Grottoli AG, Lesser MP

Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 2502-2509

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Photosynthetic response of the Mediterranean zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa to the natural range of light and temperature.

Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Huot Y, Ferrier-Pagès C

Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1579-1586

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Diurnal variability in turbidity and coral fluorescence on a fringing reef flat: Southern Molokai, Hawaii.

Piniak GA, Storlazzi CD

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 77: 56-64

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Rate of O2 production derived from pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence: testing three biooptical approaches against measured O2-production rate.

Hancke TB, Hancke K, Johnsen G, Sakshaug E

Journal of Phycology 44: 803-813

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Temperature effects on microalgal photosynthesis - light responses measured by O2 production, pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence, and 14C assimilation.

Hancke K, Hancke TB, Olsen LM, Johnsen G, Glud RN

Journal of Phycology 44: 501-514

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In situ study of relative electron transport rates in the marine macroalga Fucus vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea at different depths and times of year.

Ekelund NGA, Nygård CA, Nordström R, Gylle AM

Journal of Applied Phycology 20: 751-756

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Photosynthetic activity of intertidal microphytobenthic communities during emersion: in situ measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (PAM) and CO2 flux (IRGA).

Migné A, Gévaert F, Créach A, Spilmont N, Chevalier E, Davoult D

Journal of Phycology 43: 864-873

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Water flow influences the distribution of photosynthetic efficiency within colonies of the scleractinian coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786); implications for coral bleaching.

Carpenter L, Patterson MR

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 351: 10-26

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A comparative study of the photosynthetic activity among three temperate seagrass species in Northern Japan.

Sasil-Orbita ML, Mukai H

Marine Ecology 27: 388-396

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Increased mortality and photoinhibition in the symbiotic dinoflagellates of the Indo–Pacific coral Stylophora pistillata (Esper) after summer bleaching.

Franklin DJ, Cedrés CMM, Hoegh-Guldberg O

Marine Biology 149: 633-642

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Tolerance of endolithic algae to elevated temperature and light in the coral Montipora monasteriata from the southern Great Barrier Reef.

Fine M, Meroz-Fine E, Hoegh-Guldberg O

Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 75-81

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Repair machinery of symbiotic photosynthesis as the primary target of heat stress for reef-building corals.

Takahashi S, Nakamura T, Sakamizu M, van Woesik R, Yamasaki H

Plant and Cell Physiology 45: 251-255

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The effects of Produced Formation Water (PFW) on coral and isolated symbiotic dinoflagellates of coral.

Jones RJ, Heyward AJ

Marine and Freshwater Research 54: 153-162

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Photosynthetic performance and resource utilization of two mangrove species coexisting in a hypersaline scrub forest.

Lovelock C, Feller IC

Oecologia 134: 455-462

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A laboratory study on O2 dynamics and photosynthesis in ice algal communities: quantification by microsensors, O2 exchange rates, 14C incubations and a PAM fluorometer.

Glud RN, Rysgaard S, Kühl M

Marine Ecology Progress Series 27: 301-311

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Photosynthetic response of Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia australis to temperature and desiccation using chlorophyll fluorescence.

Seddon S, Cheshire AC

Marine Ecology Progress Series 220: 119-130

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Biomass, production, and horizontal patchiness of sea ice algae in a high-Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE-Greenland).

Rysgaard S, Kühl M, Glud RN

Marine Ecology Progress Series 223:15-26

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Responses of microphytobenthos to light: primary production and carbohydrate allocation over an emersion period.

Perkins RG, Underwood GJC, Brotas V, Snow GC, Jesus B, Ribeiro L

Marine Ecology Progress Series 223: 101-112

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Zooxanthellae expelled from bleached corals at 33°C are photosynthetically competent.

Ralph PJ, Gademann R, Larkum AWD

Marine Ecology Progress Series 220: 163-168

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Photosynthetic performance of surface associated algae below sea ice as measured with a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer and O2 microsensors.

Kühl M, Glud RN, Borum J, Roberts R, Rysgaard S

Marine Ecology Progress Series 223: 1-14

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Diurnal changes in the photochemical efficiency of the symbiotic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) of corals: photoprotection, photoinactivation and the relationship to coral bleaching.

Jones RJ, Hoegh-Guldberg O

Plant, Cell & Environment 24: 89-99

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Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry.

Beer S, Vilenkin B, Weil A, Veste M, Susel L and Eshel A

Marine Ecology Progress Series 174: 293-300

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In situ measurements of photosynthetic irradiance responses of two Red Sea sponges growing under dim light conditions.

Beer S and Ilan M

Marine Biology 131: 613-617

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Use of pulse modulated (PAM) fluorometry for in situ measurements of photosynthesis in two Red Sea faviid corals.

Beer S, Ilan M, Eshel A, Weil A and Brickner I

Marine Biology 131: 607-612

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Photosynthetic capacity of coral reef systems: Investigations into ecological application of the underwater PAM fluorometer.

Jones AB and Dennison WC

In JG Greenwood and NJ Hall, eds, Proceedings of the Australian Coral Reef Society 75th Anniversary Conference, Heron Island October 1997. Australian Coral Reef Society, Brisbane. pp. 105-118

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DIVING-PAM-II

Measuring light
Blue LED (470 nm ± 8 nm tolerance), standard modulation frequencies 5 to 25 Hz adjustable in increments of 5 Hz and 100 Hz, measuring light PAR at standard settings = 0.05 μmol m-2 s-1. Fluorescence at wavelengths greater than 630 nm is measured
Actinic light
Same blue LED as for measuring light, maximum actinic PAR = 3000 μmol m-2 s-1, maximum PAR of saturation pulses = 6000 μmol m-2 s-1 adjustable at increments of 500 μmol m-2 s-1
Measuring light
Red LED (655 nm ± 5 nm tolerance), modulation frequencies and PAR as described for DIVING-PAM-II/B. Fluorescence at wavelengths greater than 700 nm is measured
Actinic light
Same red LED as for measuring light, maximum PAR of actinic light and saturation pulses as described for DIVING-PAM-II/B
Fluorescence detection
PIN photodiode protected by long-pass and a short-pass filters, 12 bit signal resolution
Pressure and temperature
Piezo-resistive pressure sensor and temperature sensor. Pressure is converted in meters of diving depth, range 0 to -50 m, displayed at 0.1 m intervals. Temperature, range -10 °C to +60 °C, displayed at 0.1 °C intervals. Sensor module with gel protection and antimagnetic stainless steel cap
Data storage
Flash memory, 8 MB, providing memory for more than 27,000 saturation pulse analyses
Display
Backlit 160 x 104 dots (78 x 61 mm) transflective B/W screen
Control elements
10 infrared reflection switches, pushbutton for saturation pulses, pushbutton to switch device on/off and to lock/unlock reflection switches
WLAN
Wireless LAN Interface (2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.11 b/g/n, WPA2-PSK) Access Point Mode
Design
Plexiglas tube with Plexiglas end plates, one with waterproof fiberoptics port
Mountings
2 anodized aluminum rods (diameter 15 mm) mounted parallel to the fluorometer body. Anodized aluminum holder for fiber optics. Connections for carrying belt and miniature spectrometer MINI-SPEC
Ports
AUX1 and AUX2, 4-pole, for miniature spectrometer MINI-SPEC; for laboratory use via special adapter: Fiber-Optic Oxygen Meter FireStingO2 or Leaf Clip Holder 2035-B. OUT1 and OUT2, 6-pole, input for trigger signal from Universal Sample Holder DIVING-II-USH; for laboratory use via special adapter: External LED Light Source 2054-L. INPUT, 6-pole, for RS-485 communication and charging of internal battery
Battery
Lead acid battery 8.0 V / 3.5 Ah (28 Wh) providing power for more than 1300 yield measurements
Maximum diving depth
50 m
Operating temperature
-5 to +45 °C
Dimensions
Diameter 19 cm, length 39 cm
Weight
3.9 kg
Design
POM tube, at one side, port for light detection, port for fluorescence excitation by blue (452 nm max) or green (525 nm max) LEDs, and port for white light from a tungsten lamp for reflection measurements; at the opposite side, 4-pole underwater socket
Spectrometer module
Hamamatsu micro-spectrometer, spectral range: 400 to 800 nm, spectral resolution: between 8 and 10 nm. Maximum PAR: 4000 µmol m-2s-1 for illumination having spectral characteristics similar to sunlight
Dimensions
3.25 cm diameter, 17.5 cm length max
Weight
135 g
Flat Entrance Optics SPEC/P

Design: Hard-anodized aluminum rod of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length, at one end with lateral light entrance through a 5 mm diameter diffusor and the opposite end inserted in a mounting plate (diameter 33 mm, height 5 mm). Aluminum rod with internal light guide

Fluorescence and Reflection Optics SPEC/R
Design: Spectrometer cap consisting of POM: maximum diameter 35 mm, height 13 mm, weight 16 g. With central 5 mm x 16 mm groove accommodating Perspex light guides for blue and green for fluorescence excitation, and for white light for reflection measurements. With 3 mm diameter central drilled hole as light channel to the detector window of the spectrometer. Including sample cap to fix sample (maximum diameter 40 mm, height 10 mm, weight 8 g). Spectrometer and sample caps padded with foam rubber, both parts have magnets build-in to attract each other and, thus, hold the sample
PAR Calibration Block 000160101439
Design: POM block with drill hole for entrance optics of the Miniature Spectrometer. Oriented at an angle of 60° and 90° relative to the spectrometer port are drill holes for the Fiber Optics DIVING-F
Dimensions
4.15 cm x 2 cm x 5 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
40 g
Design
Randomized 70 µm glass fibers forming single plastic shielded bundle with stainless steel adapter ends
Dimensions
Active diameter 5.5 mm, outer diameter 8 mm, length 150 cm
Weight
340 g
Input

100 V to 240 V AC, 50 to 60 Hz

Output
12 V DC, 5.5 A
Operating temperature
-5 to +45 °C, (non-condensing)
Weight
350 g including cables
Housing
Aluminum case with USB-B port, socket for power supply MINI-PAM-II/N, and waterproof 6-pole socket for RS-485 communication
Function
Connects computer and DIVING-PAM-II. RS-485 serial data communication is used between box and DIVING-PAM-II, USB communication is employed between interface box and computer. Recommended maximum cable lengths: 50 m RS-485 cable, 2 m USB cable. Standard USB-A to USB-B cable included
Dimensions
9.7 cm x 6.3 cm x 3.5 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
270 g
Operating temperature
-5 °C to + 40 °C
Length
5 m
Weight
500 g
Design
Metal clip with fiber holder and 11 mm diameter sample hole: 5.5 cm x 1.4 cm (L x W)
Fiber holder
1.2 cm length, mounted 0.7 cm above base, with lateral screw to fix fiber optics. Angle between fiber optics axis and sample plane: 60°. Two spacer rings to vary the distance between fiber end and leaf surface
Design
Rugged, hard plastic outdoor case with wheels, pull-out handle and custom foam packing
Dimensions
57 cm x 47 cm x 27 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
7.7 kg

Some DIVING-PAM-II fluorometers (up to S/N UWFD0110) contain a lithium manganese oxide battery requiring the following safety measures for shipping:

Discharge battery to 30%. Use original DIVING-PAM-II/T transport case for shipping.

Download from Walz website the testing protocol for the DIVING-PAM-II battery. Print entire protocol (6 pages) and enclose it in transport case.

Visibly label transport case with lithium battery label.

Accessories

Design

POM plastic tube of 3.25 cm diameter and 17.5 cm length, with optical oxygen and pH sensor spots, both fixed by a Perspex disc, a PT100 resistance thermometer, and a 4-pole underwater socket. Temperature-compensated oxygen and pH measurements by high precision optical meters, connected by fiberoptics to the sensor spot. Including a 2 m underwater cable (000130204945), two oxygen and two pH spare sensor spots,and a holder (weight 75 g, maximum dimensions 6.5 cm x 6 cm x 12 cm, L x W x H) to attach both the DIVING-PAM-II/O2PH and the spectrometer MINI-SPEC to the DIVING-PAM-II optoelectronic unit, consisting of the mounting brackets 000246001714 and 000246003914 and 1 ring holder 000244905514.

Maximum diving depth

50 m

Dimensions

3.25 cm diameter, 17.5 cm length

Weight
135 g
Design
Plexiglas bar (15 cm x 4.5 cm) with upward curved end possessing a port for positioning at 60° or 90° relative to the sample level the DIVING-PAM-II fiber optics. Mounted to the curved end is a 5.5 cm x 7.5 cm (W x H) sample clip consisting of a Plexiglas plate (lower part) and an aluminum frame open to the top (upper part). Featuring a 10 cm long plastic grip with button for triggering measurements via a 1.5 m trigger cable. Including a 1 m long tubular net with zipper to keep together trigger cable and fiber optics. With holder to for spectrometer MINI-SPEC
Dimensions
25 cm x 4.5 cm x 21 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
380 g
Design
Holder made of grey PVC, equipped with 3 rubber bands and hooks to be attached to creviced surface (e.g. of coral); nylon screws for distance adjustment
Dimensions
6 cm x 6 cm x 2.5 cm (L x W x H)
Weight
95 g
Design

PVC cylinder with central hole for fiberoptics, end cap with closed cell rubber padding that fits into DIVING-MLC or DIVING-LC, and lateral plastic setscrew.

Dimension

3.0 cm diameter, 2.2 cm height

Weight

18 g

Design
Two plastic halves with magnets, one with sliding shutter made of spring steel and seat for the adapter DIVING-DA. The other halve with seats for additional magnets. Inner sides of both halves covered with black fabric. Including 4 additional magnets.
Dimensions
Diameter 30 mm, height 28 mm
Weight
10 g
Design
Three clips made of white plastic with gasket contact areas and sliding shutter for light-tight closure.
Dimensions
Diameter 3.2 cm, length 8 cm
Weight
6.5 g

Active diameter 2 mm, length 1.5 m. Both ends with adapter which fits to the fiber port of the DIVING-PAM-II and the various accessories for fiber positioning of the DIVING-PAM-II system.

Dimensions
25 m length, 6 mm diameter
Weight
1.25 kg
Dimensions
50 m length, 6 mm diameter
Weight
2.5 kg
Including charger DIVING-II/L15

Input: 100 V to 240 V AC, 47 to 63 Hz. Output: 15 V DC, 4.65 A. Operating temperature: -5 to +45 °C, (non-condensing). Dimensions: 13 cm x 5.5 cm x 3 cm (L x W x H). Weight: 350 g including cables

WinControl-3 Software

General Features and Graphical User Interface

The DIVING-PAM-II can be operated by Windows computers running the WinControl-3 software. The same software operates the fluorometers MICRO-PAM, MINI-PAM-II, MONITORING-PAM, and JUNIOR-PAM, PAM fluorometers operated via the PAM-CONTROL interface (MICROSCOPY-PAM, MICROFIBER-PAM and WATER-PAM) as well as the Universal Light Meter ULM-500.
Saturation pulse analysis and automated experimental protocols can be performed under control of the software WinControl-3 but also by the DIVING-PAM-II internal software which is active when the DIVING-PAM-II is operated autonomously. In the latter case, experimental parameters are entered using waterproof infrared reflection switches. Continuous recording of fluorescence and modeling of light curves, however, requires WinControl-3.

Induction Curve Window: The window displays continuous PAM fluorescence (Ft) as black line. The non-photochemical quenching parameter, NPQ, is drawn in blue and electron transport rate (ETR) is shown in red.
Induction Curve Window: The window displays continuous PAM fluorescence (Ft) as black line. The non-photochemical quenching parameter, NPQ, is drawn in blue and electron transport rate (ETR) is shown in red.

Data Evaluation

Saturating pulse analysis with automatic detection and calculation of standard fluorescence parameters: F0, FM, F0’ (measured or calculated), FM’, FV/FM, qP, qL, qN, NPQ, Y(II), Y(NPQ), Y(NO), ETR.

Data Export

Export in Excel, CSV or TXT format of original fluorescence traces, saturating pulse analysis data and parameter estimates of light response curves.

Automated Routines

Repetitive triggering of many fluorometer functions (e.g., saturation pulse analysis, induction curves). Automatic execution of short-term illumination, light and induction curves, offset correction and calibration of internal light sensor.

Customer-defined Measuring Protocols

Execution of customized experimental procedures using batch files.